lord of the rings :: essays research papers

The Lord of the Flies      William Golding’s book, The Lord of the Flies is a superb, anecdotal book about the battle and endurance of a gathering of young men caught on a uninhabited island. This book kept me extremely intrigued and made me need to continue perusing. The characters were various and each had engaging characteristics in themselves. The setting is splendidly portrayed and the plot is shockingly all around considered. Numerous things like these make this book such a work of art.      Although there are relatively few characters in The Lord of the Flies, there are a wide range of characters and contrasts between them. The primary character in the book is Ralph. Ralph is twelve years of age with light hair, and is the most magnetic of the gathering. He is portrayed as being fabricated "like a boxer," is to some degree alluring and is picked for boss, who makes it his business to set down principles and attempt to sort out a general public. All through the novel he is consistently in strife with Jack, who needs to be boss himself. Ralph and Piggy concur with each other’s thoughts, however Ralph doesn’t acknowledge how significant Piggy truly is to him until the finish of the novel. Despite the fact that Ralph never arrives at the comprehension about the Beast that Simon does, he knows directly from wrong. Jack is about Ralph's age, with a skinnier form and red hair. His freckled face is depicted as being "ugly without silliness." From the absolute starting point, he appears to hold feelings of outrage and brutality. From the outset, he is the pioneer of his ensemble gathering, who becomes trackers as the book advances. At last, his savage character and capacity to mention to individuals what they need to hear permits him to surpass Ralph as boss. Jack doesn't accept that the Beast exists and is the pioneer of insurgency on the island. From the beginning of the novel he doesn't care for keeping rules of any sort. He essentially needs to chase and make some great memories. Not appearing to think about being safeguarded, Jack and his clan are instances of the Beast spinning out of control. In the start of the story Jack, despite everything adapted by the past society he had been separated of, couldn't stand to slaughter a pig that was trapped in the brush. As the plot a dvances he turns out to be less and less connected to any cultural standards.

Minds and Machines essays

Brains and Machines expositions 1) Briefly portray Descartes perspective on the connection among mind and body. What, in the event that anything, isn't right with this view? Rene Descartes perspective on the connection between the brain and body, is a very convoluted one. In any case if one somehow managed to lay it out plainly, Descartes see is that the psyche and the body are isolated substances (Grayling 2001 p, 1). This thought of the psyche and body being isolated substances is known as Dualism. Descartes guaranteed that since he could think about the brain and body as being aside from one another, at that point they could likewise exist separated (Mattey 2001 p, 10). Descartes likewise expressed that human bodies are outside in that they can be seen by others (Mattey 2001 p, 11). This capacity to be watched, coupled with the idea that a body is a piece of room, additionally named the body as expanded and part of the physical world. Descartes likewise accepted that the body was subordinate to mechanical laws (Ryle 1949 p,120). As opposed to the body being outside, Descartes pronounced that the psyche was inward, in that nobody could watch the operations of the psyche, beside the individual themselves (Mattey p, 11). The brain was supposed to be a piece of the psychological world. By considering Descartes sees, one could then reason that an individual is isolated into two separate substances, the psyche and the body. Anyway Descartes meanings of the connection between the psyche and body, or all the more critically the absence of, raised numerous issues for thinkers what's more, individuals when all is said in done (Kihlstrom p, 1). One of the serious issues for dualists, for example, Descartes, to over come was started by the way that the body and psyche can cooperate (Kihlstrom p, 2). This connection can be seen at the point when one thinks about that the psyche can control and cause activities in the body, for instance the development of ones arms or legs. It can likewise be seen that the body acts with the psyche, ... <!

Need Cash Fast Try These 10 Great Side Hustles

Need Cash Fast Try These 10 Great Side Hustles Need Cash Fast? Try These 10 Great Side Hustles Need Cash Fast? Try These 10 Great Side HustlesWhen you’re in a pinch, earning some extra money is a much better option than a predatory payday loan.The thing about surprise expenses is that they’re impossible to anticipate. If they weren’t, they wouldn’t be surprises. One second your car is working fine, the next it’s stalled out on the side of the road. One second your boiler is humming along, the next your basement is filled with smelly, black smoke. Life comes at you fast and it often leaves behind a hefty bill.The best way to handle these kinds of emergency expenses is to have a dedicated emergency fund. But for some folks, those kinds of savings just aren’t a possibility. Taking out a loan is always an optionâ€"but folks whose credit is less-than-great might find themselves at the mercy of predatory payday and title lenders. And while OppLoans offers affordable installment loans that give you a safer, more responsible alternative to payday and title loans, getting a ny loan isn’t the only option available.A great way to deal with emergency expenses is to go out and earn the cash to pay for them. That could mean taking a second job with a maid service or your local fast food joint, but there are also tons of side hustles out there that give you a lot more independence.That’s why we reached out to a bunch of experts for some great ways to earn fast cash. We’ve got recommendations from:Gertrude Nonterah (@GeeNonterah), side hustle expert and the founder of myonlinebizjourney.comKelan and Brittany Kline, who blog about personal finance as The Savvy Couple (@TheSavvyCouple)GreenPal (@YourGreenPal) CEO Bryan ClaytonTED Global Speaker and author of The Homeless Entrepreneur, Becky Blanton (@BeckyBlanton_)Here are 10 of their top recommendations1.     Mystery shopping“If you are great with acting/pretending, this will be a great one for you. You essentially are an independent contractor for market research companies that hire you to go into par ticular stores, pose as a shopper using a specified scenario script so you can gather information for them. Mystery shopping pays anywhere from $10 to $50 per shop depending on the scenario. All youre doing is asking questions and noting the answers so you can report back. You can even make it a part of your weekly shopping trips.” Gertrude Nonterah2. Moving services“Make up some business cards ($20 if you get them done) and leave them with local Storage Facilities if people are looking for movers (they always are). You don’t even need a truck. Most people rent trucks from U-Haul and need drivers and loaders.” Becky Blanton3. Drop shippingKelan Kline (The Savvy Couple) shares this story about the $50K drop shipping (fulfilling retail orders from home) business he started in college…“When I was fourteen years old going into my freshman year my parents told me to get a job. The three words no high school kid wants to hear. Instead of getting a job I decided I would start selling things on eBay to make enough to make my parents happy.“After selling anything I could get my hands-on, including things I should not have, I started looking into drop shipping.   I had tried a few drop shipping companies even a couple that provided a free website to sell from with very little luck.“I kept searching and finally came across Doba.com, it changed everything! I bought a lifetime membership for $1,000 (which they no longer offer). I now had hundreds of thousands of products at my fingertips that I could increase the price and keep the profit from.“I found that Amazon was the bestselling platform due to their high-volume traffic and deep trust.“I continued to work on my drop shipping business EpicBuyz throughout high school and got very good at it. In college, my drop shipping business on average took in $50,000 a year in revenue. My profit on my sales would range anywhere from 8â€"15%, not a bad side hustle for a college student!“I still continue to se ll our used items on eBay and Amazon. I have the mindset if it’s not being used it’s worth money to someone else.“My drop shipping side hustle really set us up for success in running our blog. We started our blog TheSavvyCouple.com 10 months ago and will reach over 20,000 page views this month. Affiliate marketing is another very exciting online business with unlimited income potential.”(Check out Kelan’s interview with Doba’s CEO.)4. Become a lumper“A lumper is anyone who manually handles freight in a warehouse. They make from $60 to $350 per hour or job depending on the freight. Same day pay. Lots of articles online debate lumping, say you have to register, but most strong, healthy looking hard working men or women can generally find work lumping, and repeat work if they’re good and dependable.” Becky Blanton5. Selling on Craigslist“Old items around my house have brought me around $400 a month before. The key here is to take multiple pictures of the item and d escribe the item as thoroughly as possible. To find a fair but good price to make it worth your while, you can check out store websites like Walmart.com to gain a good idea of what the item costs at full price.” Gertrude Nonterah6. Lawn care with GreenPalIf you have knack for yard work, you could earn money on the side through GreenPal, often described as “Uber for Lawn Care.”Bryan Clayton CEO of GreenPal, explains:“Our system has over 500 vendor partners in seven states throughout the county.”“Many of our lawn care vendors are part-timers. Some are   firemen, some teachers that use our app in the summer to make extra money, others are college students that work afternoons and weekends, and it is the perfect way for them to make extra money.”“Our average vendor makes around $55 per hour mowing lawns on our system They set their own hours and pick the clients they want to work for,   it is the perfect side job.”7. Be a driver“If you have a CDL license you can mak e money fast moving cars, trucks, rentals etc. around the country. There’s always Uber, Left and other taxi services, but I know people who charge $10-$20 an hour to run errands, deliver groceries, etc. using their personal vehicle. Check your insurance first if you’re hauling people around, but many businesses need delivery for small items.”   Becky Blanton8. Avon salesBrittany Kline had a great experience working as a salesperson for Avon…“Similar to Kelan, I was told to get a job out of high school as well. After doing research, I decided to join Avon and start selling. I went through the training they provided, but I was never someone who pushed my business on to others. I started with ordering extra catalogs and going around on my bike hanging up bags on my neighbor’s mailboxes. It slowly took off.“When a woman at my mom’s work stopped selling Avon, it was the perfect in for me. My mom would bring catalogs to work with her and she would collect the orders from her co-workers. When the orders came in, we would bag them together and she would deliver and receive payment. We were a great team.“I sold to a close circle of friends and their family members for a long time. It was the perfect side hustle to cover my gas commuting to college or to cover my cell phone bill. Selling as a direct sales representative for 9 years was the perfect side hustle for me.”9. Online yard sales“Yard sales used to be on weekends and you had to drive there, look through crap and hope to find something you wanted or needed. Now you can go on Facebook, search on classifieds or yard sales and your area and find, OR SELL anything online. I make $200 + a month for less than an hour’s work uploading and selling clothes, books, furniture etc. online. ALWAYS meet the buyer at a public place a grocery store parking lot, etc.someplace where there are people around. If you’re selling electronics, watches, coins or cameras, phones etc. meet INSIDE a store. You’ re less likely to be mugged or robbed.”   Becky Blanton10) Amazon Flex“This is something my husband actually started recently and he makes between $200-$400 per week. Amazon Flex is a service that gives people the opportunity to quickly deliver items people have ordered from Amazons website (and indicated that wanted same/1-day delivery) from a regional Amazon location. The deliveries are local and so you will not spend a ton on gas. For something that brings in $1000-$2000 per month for my family, Id say this one is a winner!” Gertrude NonterahIf you have a great fast cash side gig that isn’t on this list, we’d love to hear about! You can get in touch with us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsBecky Blanton (@BeckyBlanton_) is a TED Global speaker, blogger, ghostwriter, and founder of The Homeless Entrepreneur a nonprofit that offers Suitcase to Briefcase, a training program that teaches those experiencing homel essness how to start their own business.Bryan Clayton (@YourGreenPal)  is the CEO of GreenPal, an online marketplace connecting homeowners with local lawn care professionals. Bryan is a serial entrepreneur in the lawn and landscaping industry having built and sold Peach Tree Inc., a Nashville based landscape group, growing the firm to over 120 employees to ultimate acquisition by Landscapes USA.Kelan and Brittany Kline aka The Savvy Couple (@TheSavvyCouple) are two thriving millennials that are daring to live differently. They started their personal finance blog September 2016 to help others get money $avvy so they can live a frugal and free lifestyle. Brittany is a full-time 4th-grade teacher and Kelan runs The Savvy Couple full-time and works as a digital marketer. You can follow them here: Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram.Gertrude Nonterah (@GeeNonterah) is a research scientist trying to save premature infants by day and blogger/freelance writer by night. She is also t he founder of MyOnlineBizJourney.com an educational website that focusses on teaching people how to plan and launch their own side hustles using online tools and skills they already have.

A Comic Poem About English Spelling and Pronunciation

Composed by Dr. Gerard Nolst Trenità © (1870-1946), a Dutch author and teacher, The Chaos illustrates many of the irregularities of English spelling (orthography) and pronunciation. The Chaos by Charivarius (Gerard Nolst Trenità ©) Dearest creature in Creation,Studying English pronunciation,I will teach you in my verseSounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.I will keep you, Susy, busy,Make your head with heat grow dizzy;Tear in eye, your dress youll tear;So shall I! Oh, hear my prayer.Pray, console your loving poet,Make my coat look new, dear, sew it!Just compare heart, beard, and heard,Dies and diet, lord and word.Sword and sward, retain and Britain(Mind the latter, how its written!)Made has not the sound of bade,Say-said, pay-paid, laid, but plaid.Now I surely will not plague youWith such words as vague and ague,But be careful how you speak,Say break, steak, but bleak and streak.Previous, precious, fuchsia, via;Pipe, snipe, recipe and choir,Cloven, oven; how and low;Script, receipt; shoe, poem, toe.Hear me say, devoid of trickery:Daughter, laughter and Terpsichore,Typhoid; measles, topsails, aisles;Exiles, similes, reviles;Wholly, holly; signal, signing;Thames; examining, combining;Scholar, vicar, and cig ar,Solar, mica, war, and far.br/>From desire: desirable--admirable from admire;Lumber, plumber, bier, but brier;Chatham, brougham; renown but known,Knowledge; done, but gone and tone,One, anemone; Balmoral;Kitchen, lichen; laundry, laurel;Gertrude, German; wind and mind;Scene, Melpomene, mankind;Tortoise, turquoise, chamois-leather,Reading, Reading, heathen, heather.This phonetic labyrinthGives moss, gross, brook, brooch, ninth, plinth.Billet does not end like ballet;Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet;Blood and flood are not like food,Nor is mould like should and would.Banquet is not nearly parquet,Which is said to rhyme with darky.Viscous, viscount; load and broad;Toward, to forward, to reward,And your pronunciations OK.Rounded, wounded; grieve and sieve;Friend and fiend; alive and live.Liberty, library; heave and heaven;Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven,We say hallowed, but allowed;People, leopard; towed, but vowed.Mark the difference, moreover,Between mover, plover, Dover,Leeches, bre eches; wise, precise;Chalice but police and lice.br/>Camel, constable, unstable;Principle, disciple; label;Petal, penal, and canal;Wait, surmise, plait, promise; pal.Suit, suite, ruin; circuit, conduitRhyme with shirk it and beyond it.But it is not hard to tellWhy its pall, mall, but Pall Mall.Muscle, muscular; gaol, iron;Timber, climber; bullion, lion,Worm and storm; chaise, chaos, chair;Senator, spectator, mayor.Ivy, privy, famous; clamourAnd enamour rime with hammer.Pussy, hussy, and possess,Desert, but desert, address.Golf, wolf, countenance, lieutenantsHoist in lieu of flags left pennants.Courier, courtier, tomb, bomb, comb,Cow, but Cowper, some, and home.Solder, soldier! Blood is thicker,Quoth he, than liqueur or liquor,Making, it is sad but true,In bravado, much ado.Stranger does not rhyme with anger,Neither does devour with clangour.Pilot, pivot, gaunt, but aunt,Font, front, wont, want, grand, and grant.Arsenic, specific, scenic,Relic, rhetoric, hygienic.Gooseberry, goose, a nd close, but close,Paradise, rise, rose, and dose.br/>Say inveigh, neigh, but inveigle,Make the latter rhyme with eagle.Mind! Meandering but mean,Valentine and magazine.And I bet you, dear, a penny,You say mani-(fold) like many,Which is wrong. Say rapier, pier,Tier (one who ties), but tier.Arch, archangel; pray, does erringRhyme with herring or with stirring?Prison, bison, treasure trove,Treason, hover, cover, cove,Perseverance, severance. RibaldRhymes (but piebald doesnt) with nibbled.Phaeton, paean, gnat, ghat, gnaw,Lien, psychic, shone, bone, pshaw.Dont be down, my own, but rough it,And distinguish buffet, buffet;Brood, stood, roof, rook, school, wool, boon,Worcester, Boleyn, to impugn.Say in sounds correct and sterlingHearse, hear, hearken, year and yearling.Evil, devil, mezzotint,Mind the Z! (A gentle hint.) Now you need not pay attentionTo such sounds as I dont mention,Sounds like  pores, pause, pours  and  paws,Rhyming with the pronoun  yours;Nor are proper names included,Though I often heard, as you did,Funny rhymes to  unicorn,Yes, you know them,  Vaughan  and  Strachan.No, my maiden, coy and  comely,I dont want to speak of  Cholmondeley.No. Yet  Froude  compared with  proudIs no better than  McLeod.But mind  trivial  and  vial,Tripod, menial, denial,Troll  and  trolley, realm  and  ream,Schedule, mischief, schism, and  scheme.Argil, gill, Argyll, gill. SurelyMay be made to rhyme with  Raleigh,But youre not supposed to sayPiquet  rhymes with  sobriquet.Had this  invalid invalidWorthless documents? How  pallid,How  uncouth he, couchant, looked,When for Portsmouth I had booked!Zeus, Thebes, Thales, Aphrodite,Paramour,  enamoured, flighty,Episodes, antipodes,Acquiesce, and  obsequies.Please dont monkey with the  geyser,Dont p eel taters with my  razor,Rather say in accents pure:Nature, stature  and  mature.Pious, impious, limb, climb, glumly,Worsted, worsted, crumbly, dumbly,Conquer, conquest, vase, phase, fan,Wan, sedan  and  artisan.br/>The  TH  will surely trouble youMore than  R, CH  or  W.Say then these phonetic gems:Thomas, thyme, Theresa, Thames.Thompson, Chatham, Waltham, Streatham,There are more but I forget em-Wait! Ive got it:  Anthony,Lighten your anxiety.The archaic word  albeitDoes not rhyme with  eight-you see it;With  and  forthwith, one has voice,One has not, you make your choice.Shoes,  goes, does. Now first  say:  finger;Then say:  singer, ginger, linger.Real, zeal, mauve, gauze  and  gauge,Marriage, foliage, mirage, age,Hero, heron, query, very,Parry, tarry fury, bury,Dost, lost, post, and  doth, cloth, loth,Job, Job, blossom, bosom, oath.Faugh, oppugnant, keen  oppugners,Bowing, bowing, banjo-tunersHolm  you know, but  noes, canoes,Pu isne, truism, use, to  use?Though the difference seems  little,We say  actual, but  victual,Seat, sweat, chaste, caste, Leigh, eight, height,Put, nut, granite, and  unite.Reefer  does not rhyme with  deafer,Feoffer  does, and  zephyr, heifer.Dull, bull, Geoffrey, George, ate, late,Hint, pint, senate, but  sedate.Gaelic, Arabic, pacific,Science, conscience, scientific;Tour, but  our, dour, succour, four,Gas, alas, and  Arkansas.br/>Say  manoeuvre, yacht  and  vomit,Next  omit, which differs  from itBona fide, alibiGyrate, dowry and awry.Sea, idea, guinea, area,Psalm, Maria, but  malaria.Youth, south, southern, cleanse  and  clean,Doctrine, turpentine, marine.Compare  alien  with  Italian,Dandelion  with  battalion,Rally  with  ally; yea, ye,Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, key, quay!Say  aver, but  ever, fever,Neither, leisure, skein, receiver.Never guess--it is not  safe,We say  calves, valves, half, but  Ralf.Starry, granary, ca nary,Crevice, but  device, and  eyrie,Face, but  preface, then  grimace,Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.Bass, large, target, gin, give, verging,Ought, oust, joust, and  scour, but  scourging;Ear, but  earn; and  ere  and  tearDo not rhyme with  here  but  heir.Mind the  O  of  off  and  oftenWhich may be pronounced as  orphan,With the sound of  saw  and  sauce;Also  soft, lost, cloth  and  cross.Pudding, puddle, putting. Putting?Yes: at golf it rhymes with  shutting.Respite, spite, consent, resent.Liable, but  Parliament.Seven  is right, but so is  even,Hyphen, roughen, nephew, Stephen,Monkey, donkey, clerk  and  jerk,Asp, grasp, wasp, demesne, cork, work.A  of  valour, vapid vapour,S  of  news  (compare  newspaper),G  of  gibbet, gibbon, gist,I  of  antichrist  and  grist,Differ  like  diverse  and  divers,Rivers, strivers, shivers, fivers.br/>Once, but  nonce, toll, doll, but  ro ll,Polish, Polish, poll  and  poll.Pronunciation--think of  Psyche!-Is a paling, stout and  spiky.Wont it make you lose your witsWriting  groats  and saying  grits?Its a dark abyss or tunnelStrewn with stones like  rowlock, gunwale,Islington, and  Isle of Wight,Housewife, verdict  and  indict.Dont you think so, reader,  rather,Saying  lather, bather, father?Finally, which rhymes with  enough,Though, through, bough, cough, hough,sough, tough?Hiccough  has the sound of cup . . .My advice is: give it up! The Chaos by Dr. Gerard Nolst Trenità © first appeared (in a shorter version) in an appendix to his textbook  Drop Your Foreign Accent, published in 1920.

Midterm The Great Gatsby Essay - 986 Words

Midterm: The Great Gatsby This assignment, I was instructed to choose an American film within the past five years and write a film review about it. One thing I love about America, are its astonishing and inspiring films and story’s. Specifically, my favorite is The Great Gatsby directed by Baz Luhrmann released May first 2013. This film takes place in New York, 1922. Nick Carraway a bond-seller is depressed and suffers from alcoholism, his doctor pursues him to write an account of what put him in this state. Roughly seven years in the past, Carraway comes to New York in search of the American Dream and ends up living next door to the millionaire Jay Gatsby and across the bay from his cousin Daisy and her husband Tom Buchanan. After being invited to Gatsby’s amazing and mind blowing party’s he accepts Gatsby’s influence of becoming wealthy and successful. Moments later, Gatsby asks Carraway to invite his cousin Daisy over for tea with Gatsby. What Carraway does not know is that Dais y was one of Gatsby’s true love before he left for war. Throughout the story, Carraway learns more and more about the mysterious Mr. Gatsby. Throughout the story, tragedy’s, lies and love interferes with every character. In this film, there are few main characters that are very important. Nick Carraway (Tobey Maguire), Jay Gatsby (Leonardo DiCaprio), Daisy Buchanan (Carey Mulligan) and Tom Buchanan (Joel Edgerton). Carraway is Daisys cousin and Gatsby uses Carraway to get to Daisy whileShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald778 Words   |  4 Pages Midterm Essay In The Great Gatsby, Scott Fitzgerald depicts The American Dream as a positive meanwhile it gives hope those that want to follow it. The American Dream is something all Americans or incoming immigrants want to have. The Dream includes freedom, opportunities, and responsibility. The dream in its infancy starts when Gatsby relocated himself to West Egg, the dream changes for Gatsby changes when lives across the bay from Daisy, and result of the dream ends when Gatsby dies. UltimatelyRead MoreModern Us Drama Midterm Paper2508 Words   |  11 PagesMary Hannah Dober Modern US Drama Midterm Paper March 30, 2015 Fucked: Glengarry Glen Ross in 1984, 1992, 2005 and 2012. The year is 1984. Ronald Reagan has just been re-elected by a landslide, including many votes from disaffected liberals. Yuppie culture fuels a high consumption economy. Tom Brokaw is now sole anchor of NBC’s Nightly News. Michael Jackson dominates the Grammys. McDonald’s debuts the McNugget. And Glengarry Glen Ross opens on Broadway. Because Glengarry Glen Ross is so inherently

Slavery During The Civil War Essay - 1761 Words

The idea of slavery in early America began when African slaves were brought to the newly settled North American settlement called Jamestown in Virginia in 1619, to help in the cultivation of cash crops as tobacco. Slavery was practiced all throughout the colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the abundance of practically free labor provided from the enslaved African-Americans helped pave the road of economic foundations in the newly founded nation. With the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, making the harvest of cotton much more efficient, D rove the importance of slavery to the South’s economy to an all time high, flourishing the economy. During the mid-19th the mass use of slavery would later become the central topic of great controversy in the south, and will would later spark conflict with the north and this provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloodiest war America has ever seen, the Civil War (1861-65). After the Union, n orth, victory over he southern states, the nation’s 4 million slaves were freed, but not given rights as a citizen would until to the civil rights movement in the 1960s, a century after emancipation. In the early 17th century, European settlers in the new America needed a large supply of labor for many different jobs, so they turned to African slaves, as a cheaper, more abundant labor source than their indentured servants. In 1619, a Dutch ship brought 20 Africans to the British colony of Jamestown, inShow MoreRelatedSlavery During The Civil War1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War, occurring between the years 1861 and 1865, was a devastating effect of sectionalism caused by the division of the country on the topic of slavery. Slavery impacted every aspect of the country, whether in the North or the South, though primarily in the South; major impacts were in the politics and economy of the early country ways which inevitably caused the Civil War. Slavery was the focal point of the economy in the South, this inthrallment was the fuel for the agricultural SouthRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe foul seeds of slavery in American soil. Quickly, slavery would spread like weeds throughout the colonies, and became significantly important to the South. According to the Constitutional Rights Foundation, â€Å"Before the Civil War, nearly 4 million black slaves toiled in the American South.† However, during the late 1800s, many American citizens began to contemplate the mortality of slavery, thereby causing the states to divide. Although the North was for the abolition of slavery, the South defendedRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pages Eighteen century was a time period when slavery took deep roots in the New World. Slavery institution deeply affected and shaped the United States in the way we know it now. It affected all aspects of an American society: politically, economically and socially. Slaves were the ones who worked on large plantations, harvesting the crops, taking care of houses, fighting for an American independence, and gave the white people a leisure time to improve their knowledge and exercise political powerRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1571 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery, defined in Webster’s dictionary as the â€Å"condition in which one human being is owned by another†, was a heinous crime against humanity that was legal and considered a normality in America from 1619 to 1865. In 1865, the Union won the Civil War against the Confederates and declared that African American slaves be emancipated. Before their emancipation, African American families were split up, never to see each other again. Their rights of political and social freedoms were also stripped awayRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1751 Words   |  8 PagesFreedom. Independence. Liberty. Slavery in America began as early as the 1600’s when the colonists began settling in Jamestown. Originally, slavery was merely a small system of labor, meant to aid the production of crops and help build the economic foundations of the New World. The concept of slavery differed from place to place and from person to person. Some believed that owning another person as a source of free labor was just, wanting to extend the idea of slavery. Others thought the labor systemRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1900 Words   |  8 Pageslifestyles, abolitionists from north were against slavery and advocated emancipation to slaves in the south. Slavery may not have been the only factor that sparked a disagreement between the north and south but it certainly had an influence on states decisions to remain or leave the Union. The conflict of slavery has been an issue as early as the American Revolution but it became a serious problem around the 1850’s and during the Civil War. The impact slavery had on the Union can be seen in events suchRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War Essay1754 Words   |  8 Pages‘Modern’ slavery in America began in 1619 when the first wave of slaves, were brought from Africa to a North American colony in Jamestown, Virginia. From 1619 to 1807 (when The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves was made) according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Database 12.5 million african were shipped to America. Prior to this slavery had existed as early as 1400 in europe. In America their sole purpose was to facilitate the production of lucrative crops such as Tobacco and cotton. By the 18thRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reasons that led to the Continue of Slavery in Virginia When Englishmen arrived at Jamestown they found a great land for farming. A few years later when the Englishmen decided to settle down at the new land, they grew a high-grade tobacco at the Chesapeake . It did not take long time for settlers to understand that they could pay their fines, debts, and taxes with tobacco, so they started to grow tobacco everywhere. In order to support economic growth and luxury living, EnglishmenRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1908 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the 1800s in America, slavery was a controversy between the north and the south. A Slave was one who was the property of another human being under law and was forced to obey them. The North felt that slavery was unfair and inhumane, whereas in the South, they felt as though slavery was crucial to their success. African American slaves were not allowed many rights: they were not allowed to testify in court against a white person, could not receive an education, or even sign c ontractsRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War2248 Words   |  9 PagesSlavery of Freedom is Choice Slavery, in which lower class people are treated as property legally but by force, has been a serious issue in human history for thousands of years regardless of culture differences. During the antebellum period, North America abolished slavery of the black, whereas the south violently opposed to abolition no matter how inhuman it is since the south was on foreign trade and slaves provided the labor needed to support the economy. According to different information sources

Taxation Law & Practice

Question: Housing affordability is a goal of governments and opposition parties in Australia. A topic of discussion in the media is whether negative gearing combined with the capital gains tax discount (tax concessions) increases speculative activity in the housing market to the disadvantage of the first home buyer.Identify and evaluate key arguments both for and against retaining these tax concessions if housing affordability is to be achieved. In your response you must explain what is meant by negative gearing and how capital gains arising from property investment are treated. You should refer to sections of legislation, tax rulings and cases where relevant. Answer: Introduction The lawful combination of the Capital Gain Tax Discount and negative gearing has distorted the residential property markets. This particular act has encouraged speculations among investors and the individuals having higher incomes to use this law to their advantages for saving tax use this. These are one sort of tax benefits given by the governments and a recent survey by the Australian Institutes has revealed that the Australian government is incurring loss to the tune of $7 billion per year. On the other hand, the same study revealed that the middle class who bear the most of the tax burden does not get many benefits from this legal action. Moreover, about 67% of the benefits are received by the top 20% of the taxpayers, whereas the 4% of the lower income group individuals are benefitted by the scheme. On the other hand, the above combinations are found to boost the number of investments in the Australian residential properties, which in turn is inflating the prices of the housing property. Moreover, the number of genuine ownership of housing is not increasing at genuine ownership of the houses at that rate. The number of investments in the housing finance has increased at a great pace and the concentration of such investments by the financial houses in a particular is raising alarms. Investors in the housing markets can book loss on the rental income and at the same time gain the advantage of tax benefit. Negative Gearing Negative gearing in the taxation parlance, is the advantage that a taxpayer gains from the loss booked from an investment in properties. In case of purchasing a property, the investor uses leveraged money and then puts the purchased property on rent. The taxpayer can claim deduction, when the expenses incurred by the investor is higher than the rental income received by them, then he can claim deduction on the previously mentioned investments. In this case, savings of tax on other incomes can compensate the loss incurred by the company from the investment in housing property and deductible expenses include payments of interest on loans on the investment properties. The investments on the housing properties are considered to be offbeat investments as the loss is met by the exchequers whereas most other investments are typically made to earn profits. On the other hand, the main target of the investments in this particular sector is to make loss and the intentions of the investments in this sector are to get deductions in tax. The investors have found a loophole in the acts, they are misusing the acts, and at the same time, they are speculating on the investments of the housing investments. It is interesting to note that, although the investors are incurring loss, but the value of the property is increasing with each passing day. Capital Gain Tax CGT, stands for the capital gain tax and the when an investor sells the property, it is normally made at a profits. This sort of gain, is termed as a capital gain as per the laws of Australia, it is termed as capital gain taxation. It is calculated as the net value attained on the sale of the assets and the expenses that are incurred by the investors for the maintenance of the property. As per the Australian Taxation office, a taxpayer gets a 50% discount on the capital gains, if the property is hold by the taxpayer for more than 12 months and he is still the owner of the property. The main motive of the agency is to promote the holding period of the assets and allow a discount on the amount of the tax payable of the invested property. As per the current negative gearing theory, the investor is able to deduct the current revenue loss and the at the same time the theory makes the investor helps them to pay taxes on the proportionate gains made by the investor on the sale of property. The catch of the existing rule is that the discount received by the investors helps to collect the total value of the investments, at the cost of the exchequer. Workings of the Act Critics claim that the government is lenient towards the investors of the rental properties and as compared to other developed countries; the country does not set any deductible expense limits that are made by the investors. Moreover, in case of Australian property only half the tax is paid by the investors, the taxpayers are totally sing these in their advantages. On the other hand, it is to be noted that the investors are trying to make loss from the investments and at the same time the value of the properties are being increased by each passing day. Moreover, the capital gains are not levied on the property unless the property is sold. It is to be noted that the capital gearing method helps the taxpayer to levy tax at half the original rates and at the same time after the sale of the property, the taxpayer has the authority of deducting unlimited amount of expenses from the tax. This particular system helps the investors to leverage money for investing in the house property market and do endless speculations on the housing property markets. CGT, Negative Gearing and Housing Affordability Critics claim that with the advent of the negative gearing policy and the CGT taxations, the exchequer is losing a great deal of money from the taxations and at the same time, this method is creating a problem of the housing affordability problems in the whole of Australia. On the other hand, the rampant speculative process is increasing the prices of the property that is beyond the reach of the common citizens and this is creating problems of the affordability in the housing markets. The genuine buyers are not able to buy the houses due to the hike in the prices of the houses due to the speculative purpose and are creating an imbalance in the housing markets. Among all the OECD members this country has the second highest ratio of the housing prices to the income ratios and this factors is becoming a strong reason for the lack of the affordability for the housing markets. On the other hand, it is observed that the prices of the houses are high among all the economically developed countries. Since, 2000 the tax revenues from the housing markets are showing a declining trends. Rents and Negative Gearing The Australian investors of the housing markets are not at all concerned with the rental yields from the markets but they are much bothered about the capital gain taxability of the rental properties. The negative gearing as well as the CGT has formed a nexus among them and the benefits of the nexus is gained by the speculators and at the same time the investors. On the other hand, many of the government officials have suggested the removal of this current system, so that the revenue in the form of taxation increases to the governments exchequers and instead of the speculators and the investors the governments are benefitted from the transactions and the financial conditions improve of the federal governments and the benefits ultimately trickles down to the common public. At the same time, the prices of the housing will decrease largely and the benefit will be accrued to the genuine buyers of the housing who search for the housing facilities for living. On the other hand, the investor s put their rationale in a way that the negative gearing factors is a way of keeping the rent of the houses at a lower price and for this reasons the lower income group is able to afford the housing facilities. At the same time they argue that without the existence of this law, the lower income groups will not be able to afford housing and they in turn are doing a good work by speculating the housing markets and keeping the rentals at a low price. Negative Gearing Facts and Myths Fiction 1: The restriction of the governments on the negative gearing since 1985-19/87 had resulted in a rent increases and the current government must act in a way, so as to decrease the rent and make the housing affordable for the lower income groups as well. Reality: The higher rental income was not the result of the policy undertaken by the government but it was the result of the higher interest rates, boom in the share markets and at the same time, the good condition of the overall market, which has resulted in the higher interest rate. When the market is in the boom phase, there automatically comes inflation in the markets and inflation causes the prices of everything to rise. Rise in the rental income is one of the results of the inflations and the prices automatically increase of all the accompanying factors. Moreover, the inflation in the market led to the rise of the diversification in the markets and the investors shifted from the investments in the housing properties to other greener pastures. Throughout the Australian continent, the rental income rose by 42% and the only exception in the given case was Perth and Sydney. Myth 2: In the recent phase negative gearing prices does not lead to the increase in the rental income, as has been the case of the past two decades Fact: Speculation is the prime reasons for which there has been a rise in the rental prices. Behind speculations, there is always the fact of the negative gearings and it has helped in the housing booms in each cases. In the current phase, due to the rise in the credit facilities, the speculators have enough cash and that has led to the rise in the number of speculations and made things worse for those who genuinely search for the houses. On the other hand, the scheme of giving discounts at the rate of 50% has been a lucrative options for the speculators who intentionally make losses on the ventures to reap the benefits of the deductions available on the capital gains and reduce the expenditures at the same time. Myth 3 Speculators belonging to the middle-income segments reap the benefits of the negative gearing system Fact: The Tax Statistics shows wrong estimates of the assessments after allowing reductions that they are eligible for the capital gains. The profits of the concerns are already reduced by the negative gearing strategies and it does not matters whether they belongs to the lower income segments or the higher income groups. The reality is that most of the households, which belongs to the middle-income segments, actually belong to the upper income brackets and the prices are considered before the deductions, that they are entitled to get. This particular fact creates a disparity in the income brackets and they are confused with the other income groups. A recent study that was conducted revealed that about 10% of the income segments those belongs to the income groups of over $100000 and more than 30% have earned above $500000. This particular statistics clears all the confusions and brings clarity to the all the data. Changes that are to be made in CGT Discounts and Negative Gearings In case of the proposing of the changes to the Capital Gain Tax Discounts and the negative gearings methods, it is of utmost importance for the authorities to retain the good aspects of the current policies and also they should consider the transitional arrangements. Negative gearings have the capability of pushing the sales of the houses and at the same time that will happen at a very small number. On the other hand, the negative gearings must consider the implementations of the act only for a decade and make amendments if required. The investors will find the investments in the new housing sectors to be attractive, the inflows of the capitals will leads to healthy conditions in the housing markets, and slowly the condition of the market will become better. On the other hand, any sort of abrupt policy changes in the market will not be healthy to the markets as they may lead to unsold investments in the markets and it will suddenly to an abrupt changes in the markets. This situation leads to a changes in the price of the housings which will leads to the price instability and at the make the market unhealthy for the housing markets. Conclusions The recent housing policy, which is the brainchild of the Australian government, has stirred much controversy in the markets. People are debating whether the thing is good or bad for the economy and there is a lot of controversy surrounding it. The reason for this is that the speculation varies from person to person and not all of them speculate at that level. This particular fact is very much important for all those who hold investment properties or are in the verge of changing their properties. Few of them may contemplate to move from an expensive area to a lower expensive area or vice versa. In case of fixation of the taxation policies, the governments must consider equity as well as efficiency of the markets. In the given case, governments have failed in both the cases and they must try to rectify their act in the near futures. Reference Crommelin, Laura, "Gentrification: A Working-Class Perspective" (2015) 30 Housing Studies Hanlon, James, "Fair Housing Policy And The Abandonment Of Public Housing Desegregation" (2014) 30 Housing Studies Home Page | Australian Taxation Office (2016) Ato.gov.au https://www.ato.gov.au Muir, Jenny and David Mullins, "The Governance Of Mandated Partnerships: The Case Of Social Housing Procurement" (2015) 30 Housing Studies Oxley, Michael, "Making Progress In Housing: A Framework For Collaborative Research" (2015) 30 Housing Studies Pawson, Hal, "The Tenants Movement" (2015) 30 Housing Studies Stone, Wendy, "Private Rental Housing: Comparative Perspectives" (2015) 30 Housing Studies Worthington, Andrew and Helen Higgs, "Macro Drivers Of Australian Housing Affordability, 1985-2010" (2013) 30 Studies in Economics Finance.